语言学概论课后练习参考2

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Key to Linguistics of Xiamen University Charpter 7 7.1.1

1. Regional dialect is the kind of dialect that is spoken and used by the people in a geographical region. Every local group of people spoke the language a little differently from other groups. For instance, these differences may be found in pronunciation, spelling, and the use of words and grammatical structures. With the passage of time, a regional dialect may become the standard dialect of a nation. This is largely due to a number of socio-economic and political reasons. 2. Sociolinguistic studies have revealed that women speakers of English speak more or less differently than their male counterparts. Female speech lacks the assertive tone of male speech. Women tend to use more rising intonations. They may seek permission by doing this. Women use more tag questions and reverse accents than men. They make a heavier use of the inconclusive intensifiers so and such. Women are more careful to follow prescriptive rules of grammar. Moreover, women's speech shows a more refined perception in certain areas. Women are said to have a color vocabulary that contains items such as azure and turquoise. 3. Yes. Young people are likely to borrow some words originally used in the technical field, like the young may have used the word cool, formerly a word from the Internet. Young people are likely to invent new use of vocabulary and slang words. Aged speakers may be more conscious of their social class by using language to fashion themselves as different from young people. Most of the aged speakers may keep many of their old dialects with them, and some may stick to the prescriptive use of language in order to preserve the tradition, or simply to gain respect. Many old speakers resist the innovation expressions and language change.
7.1.2

1. Dialect is a variety of language which differs grammatically, phonologically and lexically from other varieties, and which is associated with a particular geographical area and/or with a particular social class or status group. A language is typically composed of a number of dialects. Register is defined according to the use of language. It is a technical term used to describe a language variety that is associated with a particular topic, the interpersonal relationship between the speaker and the hearer, and the speech channel. Registers can identify speakers as being members of a particular group, and are for that reason often labeled jargon. 2. Yes, there should be some differences. When scientists are talking about IT among themselves, technical terms may be used. Yet, when they talk to little children, they may try to use vocabulary easy for the children to understand. They may avoid technical terms.


7.1.3

1. a) He is nice.

b) They are mine.

c) I'm going to do it. f) He will be late.

d) John will be happy. g) He is late.

e) John is happy.

h) Are you tired?

i) Are you tired?

2. In Black English, one prominent syntactic feature is the frequent absence of various forms of the verb "be". Another syntactic feature of Black English is the systematic use of the expression "it is" where Standard English uses "there is".
7.2.1

1. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is a hypothesis associated with the American scholars Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf. The hypothesis assumes that people's habitual thought patterns and ways of perceiving the world are conditioned to a certain extent by the categories and distinctions that are available to them in their native language. Speakers of different languages may therefore have rather different world-views, depending on how different the languages are from one another semantically and grammatically. 2. When language is used in contexts of communication, it is bound up with culture in multiple and complex ways. Members of a community or social group do not only express experience; they also create experience through language. Through all its verbal and non-verbal aspects, language embodies and symbolizes cultural reality. The theory of linguistic relativity claims that linguistic structure tends to influence what they routinely do think. It is recognized that language, as code, reflects cultural preoccupations and constrains the way people think. Culture is semantically encoded in the language itself, and at the same expressed through the actual use of the language. 3. To most Chinese speakers, the associative meaning of 'dog' is negative in effect. To most English speakers, the associative meaning of 'dog' is positive in effect.
7.2.2

1. This is the result of ever-increasing political, economic, academic and cultural contacts and exchanges among speakers of different languages. 2. The Chinese kinship system is not exactly the same as the English kinship system. At the word level, most English kinship terms does not make further distinctions in terms of relatives on mother's or father's side. For example, the term 'uncle' can refer to the brother of both one's mother or father. However, some Chinese kinship terms


does make fine distinctions. For example,

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